Tuberculosis Topics

• tuberculin skin test
• multi drug resistant tuberculosis
• drug resistant tuberculosis
• chest x rays
• tuberculosis prevention
• world health organization
• national institute of allergy and infectious diseases
• tuberculosis vaccine
• cdc division
• tuberculosis elimination
• host organism
• tuberculosis treatment
• pulmonary tb
• centers for disease control and prevention
• latent infections
• vaccine strategies
• antibiotic resistance
• bcg vaccine
• centers for disease control and prevention cdc
• pyrazinamide

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Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis

Infection of other organs causes a wide range of symptoms. The diagnosis relies on radiology (commonly chest X-rays), a tuberculin skin test, blood tests, as well as microscopic examination and microbiological culture of bodily fluids. Tuberculosis treatment is difficult and requires long courses of multiple antibiotics. Contacts are also screened and treated if necessary. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in (extensively) multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Prevention relies on screening programs and vaccination, usually with Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG vaccine).

Onethird of the world's current population has been infected with M. tuberculosis , and new infections occur at a rate of one per second. World Health Organization (WHO).

About one in ten of these latent infections will eventually progress to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than half of its victims. The proportion of people in the general population who become sick with tuberculosis each year is stable or falling worldwide but, because of population growth, the absolute number of new cases is still increasing.

Although extrapulmonary TB is not contagious, it may co-exist with pulmonary TB, which is contagious. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Tuberculosis Elimination.

In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism, but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in vitro.

A person with active but untreated tuberculosis can infect 1015 other people per year.

Sadoff, Jerry. Advances in Tuberculosis Vaccine Strategies. Nature Reviews Microbiology. Vol. 4. June 2006.

The first recombinant tuberculosis vaccine rBCG30, entered clinical trials in the United States in 2004, sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).

However, treatment using Rifampicin and Pyrazinamide is not risk-free. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notified healthcare professionals of revised recommendations against the use of rifampin plus pyrazinamide for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection, due to high rates of hospitalization and death from liver injury associated with the combined use of these drugs.

Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs.

In the United Kingdom, TB incidences range from 40 per 100,000 in London to less than 5 per 100,000 in the rural South West of England; Notification rates of tuberculosis: by NHS Regional Office area, 1990-2001: Regional Trends 37 Office for National Statistics Retrieved on 13 October 2006.

The highest rates in Western Europe are in Portugal (31.1 per 100,000 in 2005) and Spain (20 per 100,000). These rates compare with 113 per 100,000 in China and 64 per 100,000 in Brazil. In the United States, the overall tuberculosis case rate was 4.9 per 100,000 persons in 2004.

For example, among immigrants in London from the Indian subcontinent, vegetarian Hindu Asian were found to have an 8.5 fold increased risk of tuberculosis, compared to Muslims who ate meat and fish daily.

Later, this source was eliminated by the pasteurization process. Koch announced a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacilli as a remedy for tuberculosis in 1890, calling it "tuberculin". It was not effective, but was later adapted as a test for pre-symptomatic tuberculosis.

In the 20th century, tuberculosis killed an estimated 100 million people.

New York had to cope with more than 20,000 TB patients with multidrug-resistant strains (resistant to, at least, both Rifampin and Isoniazid). The resurgence of tuberculosis resulted in the declaration of a global health emergency by the World Health Organization in 1993. World Health Organization (WHO).

Source: Wikipedia > Tuberculosis