Endocrinology Topics

• american board of internal medicine abim
• paediatric endocrinology
• diabetes and metabolism
• american board of internal medicine
• board of internal medicine
• soluble fraction
• medicine pediatrics
• loewi
• nobel prize
• typical training
• endocrinologists
• reproductive endocrinology
• second messenger
• groundbreaking work
• norepinephrine
• local training
• target
• endocrinologist
• cell membrane
• glycogen

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Endocrinology, Endocrinology

Sutherland investigated whether hormones enter cells to evoke action, or stayed outside of cells. He studied norepinephrine, which acts on the liver to convert glycogen into glucose via the activation of the phosphorylase enzyme. He homogenized the liver into a membrane fraction and soluble fraction (phosphorylase is soluble), added norepinephrine to the membrane fraction, extracted its soluble products, and added them to the first soluble fraction. Phosphorylase activated, indicating that norepinephrine's target receptor was on the cell membrane, not located intracellularly. He later identified the compound as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and with his discovery created the concept of second-messenger-mediated pathways. He, like Loewi, won the Nobel Prize for his groundbreaking work in endocrinology.

Endocrinologists are specialists of internal medicine or pediatrics. Reproductive endocrinologists deal primarily with problems of fertility and menstrual functionoften training first in obstetrics. Most qualify as an internist, pediatrician, or gynecologist for a few years before specializing, depending on the local training system. In the U.S. and Canada, training for board certification in internal medicine, pediatrics, or gynecology after medical school is called residency. Further formal training to subspecialize in adult, pediatric, or reproductive endocrinology is called a fellowship. Typical training for a North American endocrinologist involves 4 years of college, 4 years of medical school, 3 years of residency, and 3 years of fellowship. Adult endocrinologists are board certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism.

The European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology Eurospe.org is the largest international professional association dedicated solely to paediatric endocrinology. There are numerous similar associations around the world.

Source: Wikipedia > Endocrinology