C++, C++

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It is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features. C++ The Complete Reference Third Edition, Herbert Schildt, Publisher: Osborne McGraw-Hill.

That standard is still current, but is amended by the 2003 technical corrigendum, ISO/IEC 14882:2003 . The next standard version (known informally as C++0x) is in development.

New features were added including virtual functions, function name and operator overloading, references, constants, user-controlled free-store memory control, improved type checking, and BCPL style single-line comments with two forward slashes (//). In 1985, the first edition of The C++ Programming Language was released, providing an important reference to the language, since there was not yet an official standard. Release 2.0 of C++ came in 1989. New features included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static member functions, const member functions, and protected members. In 1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was published.

This provides such useful tools as container (for example vector and lists), iterators to provide these containers with array-like access and algorithms to perform operations such as searching and sorting. Furthermore (multi)maps (associative arrays) and (multi)sets are provided, all of which export compatible interfaces. Therefore it is possible, using templates, to write generic algorithms that work with any container or on any sequence defined by iterators. As in C, the features of the library are accessed by using the #include directive to include a standard header. C++ provides 69 standard headers, of which 19 are deprecated.

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